What is myogenic differentiation?
Myogenic differentiation proceeds through irreversible cell cycle arrest of precursor cells (myoblasts), followed by a gradual increase in expression of muscle function genes, leading to fusion of myoblasts into multinucleate myofibers in the animal.
What happens after the fusion of myoblasts?
Muscle fibers generally form through the fusion of precursor myoblasts into multinucleated fibers called myotubes. In the early development of an embryo, myoblasts can either proliferate, or differentiate into a myotube.
What is myogenic movement?
Myogenic response refers to a contraction initiated by the myocyte itself instead of an outside occurrence or stimulus such as nerve innervation. The smooth muscle of the blood vessels reacts to the stretching of the muscle by opening ion channels, which cause the muscle to depolarize, leading to muscle contraction.
Is skeletal muscle neurogenic?
Skeletal muscle can show neurogenic changes in disorders that affect any part of motor neurons, including diseases of the anterior horn cell (eg, motor neuron disease), motor neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, and disorders that affect the intramuscular nerve twigs.
Are myoblasts undifferentiated?
Colonial tunicates have hemoblasts, which are undifferentiated coelomic cells that play a key role in tissue renewal during reproduction and regeneration.
Are Myotube and Myofiber the same?
As nouns the difference between myofiber and myotube is that myofiber is muscle fiber while myotube is (anatomy) a structure of elongated multinucleate cells that contains some peripherally located myofibrils.
How myoblasts are converted into muscles?
A myoblast is a type of embryonic progenitor cell that differentiates to form muscle cells. Skeletal muscle fibers are made when myoblasts fuse together, so muscle fibers have multiple nuclei. The fusion of myoblasts is specific to skeletal muscle (e.g., biceps brachii), not cardiac or smooth muscle.
Why do myoblasts fuse?
The fusion of muscle precursor cells is a required event for proper skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Numerous proteins have been implicated to function in myoblast fusion; however, the majority are expressed in diverse tissues and regulate numerous cellular processes.
How does myogenic contraction work?
The myogenic response is the reflex response of the afferent arterioles to changes in blood pressure. Increased blood pressure increases the tension in the vascular wall, and the vascular smooth muscle contracts. Similarly, decreased blood pressure decreases the tension and the smooth muscle relaxes.
What diseases can affect your muscles?
Types of neuromuscular disorders include:
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
- Multiple sclerosis.
- Muscular dystrophy.
- Myasthenia gravis.
- Myopathy.
- Myositis, including polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
- Peripheral neuropathy.
What problems can occur in the muscular system?
Diseases and disorders of the muscular system include muscular dystrophy (muscle weakening diseases), tendinosis (degenerative tendon disease), fibromyalgia (chronic pain), mitochondrial myopathy (mitochondria ATP disorder), myasthenia gravis (immune system problem), and tetanus (paralyzing bacterial infection).
How do you induce myogenic differentiation in amniotic fluid?
Myogenic differentiation is induced in amniotic fluid-derived progenitor cells by culture in medium containing horse serum and chick embryo extract on a thin gel coat of Matrigel (Rosenblatt et al., 1995). To initiate differentiation, the presence of 5-azacytidine in the medium for 24 h is necessary.
What is the best media for myogenic differentiation?
Differentiation media contained either AIM V, AIM V and Ultroser® G, DMEM/Ham’s F12 and Ultroser® G, or donor horse serum (DHS) as a conventional differentiation medium. In 2D co-culture groups, highest upregulation of myogenic markers could be induced by serum-free medium containing DMEM/Ham’s F12 and Ultroser® G (group 3) after 7 days.
Do cell cultures with animal sera contribute to myogenic differentiation?
Different cell types have been investigated regarding their myogenic differentiation potential under the influence of various media supplemented with growth factors. Yet, most cell cultures include the use of animal sera, which raises safety concerns and might lead to variances in results.
Does serum-free differentiation lower ACTN2 and myhc2 expression?
In Mb, expression of ACTN2 (alpha actinin skeletal muscle 2) and MyHC2 (myosin heavy chain 2) was lower under serum-free differentiation. ACTN2 was significantly downregulated after stimulation with all groups of serum-free media compared to stimulation with differentiation medium containing DHS ( p = 0.0042).