What is the pathophysiology of hypertriglyceridemia?
Hypertriglyceridemia, both in the metabolic syndrome and in type 2 diabetes, results from increased plasma concentrations of VLDL, with or without chylomicronemia;9 deficient lipoprotein lipase activity; increased cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity; and increased flux of free fatty acids to the liver.
What is the basic mechanism of acute pancreatitis?
The pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis is characterized by a loss of intracellular and extracellular compartmentation, by an obstruction of pancreatic secretory transport and by an activation of pancreatic enzymes.
Why does high cholesterol cause pancreatitis?
Endothelial dysfunction can be caused by chronic exposure to elevated LDL-c levels in the blood, resulting in chronic inflammation. The chronic release of inflammatory mediators may cause direct damage to pancreatic acinar cells, resulting in the release of pancreatic amylase into the blood.
How does ERCP cause pancreatitis?
Pathogenesis of post-ERCP pancreatitis Mechanical obstruction of the papilla or pancreatic sphincter by instrumentation, hydrostatic injury from the injection of contrast, water, and chemical or allergic injury from contrast injection are possible mechanisms that may occur during ERCP.
How does high triglycerides affect the pancreas?
Large TG-rich lipoprotein particles, primarily chylomicrons, impede capillary circulation and cause ischemic damage to pancreatic acinar cells. Damaged cells release lipase and other enzymes into the interstitium, leading to TG hydrolysis and free fatty acid release.
What is the role of genetic factors in the development of hypertriglyceridemia?
Genetic variants determine clinical phenotypes, like hypertriglyceridemia, when the DNA sequence change results in a structural or functional consequence affecting the protein product within a key metabolic or biochemical pathway.
What is hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia?
++ This inherited disorder, present in 1/200 persons, can cause different lipoprotein abnormalities in affected individuals, including hypercholesterolemia (elevated LDL), hypertriglyceridemia (elevated triglycerides and VLDL), or both. Atherosclerosis is accelerated.
What is the most common etiology of pancreatitis?
Gallstones — Gallstones (including microlithiasis) are the most common cause of acute pancreatitis accounting for 40 to 70 percent of cases [14]. However, only 3 to 7 percent of patients with gallstones develop pancreatitis [15,16].
What is the two most common cause of acute pancreatitis explain your answer?
Pancreatitis is split into acute and chronic types. The pancreas carries out many tasks, including the production of digestive enzymes. Symptoms include pain in the center of the upper abdomen, vomiting, and diarrhea. The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones and alcohol abuse.
How does insulin treat hypertriglyceridemia?
Insulin decreases triglycerides by stimulating lipoprotein lipase activity, which degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol [4, 10, 11, 13–15].
Why does hypertriglyceridemia lead to pancreatitis?
Higher amounts, called hypertriglyceridemia, can lead to clogged arteries, heart disease and stroke. Acute pancreatitis may result from triglyceride levels greater than 1000 mg. Diabetes, alcoholism and certain inherited disorders are the most common reasons to have such a high level of triglycerides .
Why does pancreatitis cause hyperglycemia?
Type 1 or type 2 diabetes is the most common cause of hyperglycemia. Other causes can include pancreatitis, Cushing’s syndrome, unusual hormone-secreting tumors, pancreatic cancer, certain medications, and severe illnesses.
Do high triglycerides cause pancreatitis?
High triglycerides are among the less common causes of pancreatitis, and are only associated with the acute disease, not the chronic form. Most people get acute pancreatitis as a result of gallstones that block the pancreatic duct, so the digestive enzymes manufactured in the pancreas can’t be excreted into the stomach and intestines.
What are the risks of pancreatitis?
Gallstones are a major risk factor for acute pancreatitis; and alcoholism is a major cause of chronic pancreatitis, especially for men. Other causes include a blocked or narrowed pancreatic duct due to injury, or pseudocysts. Genetic factors (heredity), congenital conditions, cystic fibrosis,…