How is alkaline phosphatase produced?
Alkaline phosphatase is found in the periplasmic space of E. Blood levels of alkaline phosphatase also increase by two to four times during pregnancy. This is a result of additional alkaline phosphatase produced by the placenta.
Where is alkaline phosphatase produced?
liver
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme located in the liver, and its concentration in serum increases when the bile ducts are blocked (Burtis and Ashwood, 1999).
What are the isoenzymes of ALP?
Alkaline phosphatase is divided into four isozymes depending upon the site of tissue expression that are Intestinal ALP, Placental ALP, Germ cell ALP and tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase or liver/bone/kidney (L/B/K) ALP.
How many active sites does alkaline phosphatase have?
two active sites
Alkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli (AP, EC 3.1. 3.1) is a homodimeric, non-specific phosphomonoesterase consisting of 449 amino acids per monomer. The overall molecule is approximately 100 Å×50 Å×50 Å with the two active sites approximately 30 Å apart.
What is alkaline phosphatase Journal?
ALKALINE phosphatases are a group of enzymes with low substrate specificity that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate esters at an alkaline pH. Alkaline phosphatases are present in many human tissues, including bone, intestine, kidney, liver, placenta and white blood cells. 1 , 2. Their physiologic function is unknown.
What is the correct time for carrying out the alkaline phosphatase treatment?
What is the correct time for carrying out the alkaline phosphatase treatment? Explanation: The alkaline phosphatase treatment is carried out after the cutting of DNA has been done but before the mixing of insert DNA and vector has been done.
What is isoenzyme pattern?
In biochemistry, isozymes (also known as isoenzymes or more generally as multiple forms of enzymes) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction. In many cases, isozymes are encoded by homologous genes that have diverged over time.
What are physiologic alkaline phosphatase substrates?
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) substrates are used to facilitate the detection of protein targets in applications such as immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and ELISA. These substrates produce a detectable color change when added to alkaline phosphatase labels, typically conjugated to antibodies.
How many disulfide bonds does alkaline phosphatase have?
two
Alkaline phosphatase of Escherichia coli (a homodimeric protein found in the periplasmic space) contains two intramolecular disulfide bonds (Cys-168-Cys-178 and Cys-286-Cys-336) that are formed after export to the periplasmic space.
Which reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme alkaline phosphatase?
hydrolysis of
Alkaline phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate via a dissociative mechanism | Journal of the American Chemical Society.
Which of the following substrate is used in alkaline phosphatase test?
Substrates for Alkaline Phosphatase Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) is used with the alkaline phosphatase substrate 5-Bromo- 4-Chloro-3-Indolyl Phosphate (BCIP) in western blotting and immunohistological staining procedures.
What is the structure of alkaline phosphatase?
Structure of the Gene Alkaline phosphatase is a membrane-bound metalloenzyme that consists of a group of isoenzymes. Each isoenzyme is a glycoprotein encoded by different gene loci [35]. It is believed that all of the human ALP genes evolved from a single ancestral gene. Figure 1shows a rough outline of the deduced evolutionary tree of ALP [19].
Is alkaline phosphatase found in cancer or non cancer cells?
In cancer cells. Studies show that the alkaline phosphatase protein found in cancer cells is similar to that found in nonmalignant body tissues and that the protein originates from the same gene in both. One study compared the enzymes of liver metastases of giant-cell lung carcinoma and nonmalignant placental cells.
What is the difference between fetal and adult germ cell alkaline phosphatase?
The fetal and adult forms differ not only in the carbohydrate content but also in the protein moiety itself, suggesting that a separate ALP gene locus may exist in humans during fetal development. This embryonic gene can be reexpressed (in a modified form) by cancer cells and is designated as Kasahara isoenzyme [26]. Germ Cell Alkaline Phosphatase
Is placental alkaline phosphatase polymorphic?
Placental ALP is a polymorphic enzyme, with up to 18 allelozymes resulting from point mutations, in contrast to the other ALP isoenzymes [23]. Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase The gene encoding for intestinal ALP (IAP) is a member of the gene family mapping to the long arm of chromosome 2 [24].