What is the treatment for envenomation?
The primary treatment should also include resuscitation of the patient, including intubation for those with respiratory distress or paralysis and IV fluids for those exhibiting signs of shock. Some patients may require the use of vasopressors to counteract the vasodilatory effects of the envenomation.
How does Crofab work?
CROFAB is a venom-specific Fab fragment of immunoglobulin G (IgG) that works by binding and neutralizing venom toxins, facilitating their redistribution away from target tissues and their elimination from the body.
What are the symptoms of envenomation?
Sea snake envenomation causes headache, a thick feeling of the tongue, thirst, sweating and vomiting. It is important to remember that nausea and vomiting are common symptoms of all severe envenomation [3].
What is neurotoxic envenomation?
Envenoming is a significant public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions. Neurotoxicity is a key feature of some envenomings, and there are many unanswered questions regarding this manifestation. Acute neuromuscular weakness with respiratory involvement is the most clinically important neurotoxic effect.
What is a Crotalid?
1 : of or belonging to the family Crotalidae crotalid snakes. 2 : typical of a pit viper crotalid venom.
Where can you get advice about envenomation?
NSW Poisons Information Centre
- Phone – 131 126.
- Website – www.poisonsinfo.nsw.gov.au.
How is CroFab administered?
The initial dose of CROFAB diluted in 250 mL of saline should be infused intravenously over 60 minutes. However, the infusion should proceed slowly over the first 10 minutes at a 25- 50 mL/hour rate with careful observation for any allergic reaction.
What is the meaning of envenomation?
Envenomation is the exposure to a poison or toxin resulting from a bite or sting from an animal such as a snake, scorpion, spider, or insect, or from marine life.
How is antivenom given?
Antivenom should be diluted in an appropriate volume of fluid and given by “push” injection over 10 to 15 minutes or by intravenous (IV) infusion over 30 to 60 minutes. Epinephrine must be ready to be given in case of early anaphylactic reactions during the infusion.
How does neurotoxin work?
Neurotoxins inhibit neuron control over ion concentrations across the cell membrane, or communication between neurons across a synapse. Local pathology of neurotoxin exposure often includes neuron excitotoxicity or apoptosis but can also include glial cell damage.
What is Crotalid envenomation?
Crotalidae, colloquially known as pit vipers, are venomous snakes found throughout the continental United States and Canada. Crotalidae envenomation represents an uncommon but clinically important illness that can result in significant morbidity and rarely mortality.
How is Anavip made?
ANAVIP is a divalent fragment antigen-binding protein, F(ab’)2, derived from the blood of horses immunized with the venom of the snakes Bothrops asper and Crotalus durissus. The product is produced by pepsin digestion of horse blood plasma then purified resulting in a preparation containing >85% F(ab’)2.
What is the pathophysiology of snakebite / Crotalid envenomation?
Snakebite / crotalid envenomations are characterized by an erratic and unpredictable clinical course. They should be considered medical emergencies requiring close monitoring. Manifestations of crotalid envenomations may include local tissue injury, coagulopathy, and severe systemic effects.
Are there venom detection tests for Crotalid bites?
In Australia, venom detection test kits have been developed to detect the various snake venoms and determine the appropriate antivenom to use, but these appear to be infrequently used for veterinary patients. Typical crotalid bites are characterized by severe local tissue damage that spreads from the bite site.
When is antivenom indicated in the treatment of snake venom?
Monitoring for the development of echinocytes or coagulopathy is recommended, because these are often early signs of severe envenomation. Antivenom is the only direct and specific means of neutralizing snake venom.
How is compartment syndrome diagnosed and treated with antivenom?
Mark on the patient a point in the mid-foot, mid-calf, and mid-thigh (lower extremity bite) vs mid-hand, mid-forearm, and mid-humerus (upper extremity bites) to ensure consistency between measurements. Antivenom is first line treatment for compartment syndrome; fasciotomy is last resort if elevated pressures persist.