What causes alkaline phosphatase levels to be high?
ALP is an enzyme found throughout the body, but it is mostly found in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. When the liver is damaged, ALP may leak into the bloodstream. High levels of ALP can indicate liver disease or bone disorders.
What type of enzyme is alkaline phosphatase?
homodimeric enzyme
Alkaline phosphatase is homodimeric enzyme, meaning it is formed with two molecules. Three metal ions, two Zn and one Mg, are contained in the catalytic sites, and both types are crucial for enzymatic activity to occur.
What is alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity?
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Alkaline phosphatase encompasses a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of organic phosphate esters, optimally at alkaline pH. Cell membranes of many cell types have ALP activity; however, only a few produce sufficient ALP to affect serum activity.
Should I worry about elevated alkaline phosphatase?
While alkaline phosphatase may not necessarily cause harm to the body itself, elevated levels are associated with cancer, bone, liver, and kidney diseases [7].
Is alkaline phosphatase a tumor marker?
Serum ALP was found to be a valuable tumor marker with high specificity in osteosarcoma.
What cancers cause elevated alkaline phosphatase?
Serum ALP levels are elevated in patients with primary and metastatic tumors of the liver and bone, such as hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer and bone and liver involvement in breast cancer. [1,4] In patients with malignancies, therefore, an elevated serum ALP may be an indicator of metastatic disease.
What vitamins are hard on the liver?
Hepatotoxicity
- Folic Acid (Folate, Folinic Acid)
- Vitamin A & Retinoids. Vitamin A. Acitretin, Etretinate, Isotretinoin. Bexarotene.
- Vitamin B. Biotin (B5) Choline. Cyanocobalamin (B12)
- Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
- Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol, Ergocalciferol)
- Vitamin E (alpha Tocopherol)
- Vitamin K (Menadione, Phytonadione)
Why does coenzyme A act as an acyl group carrier?
Since coenzyme A is, in chemical terms, a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. It assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria.
What is a coenzyme that is a cosubstrate?
Coenzyme. Cosubstrates are loosely bound coenzymes that are required in stoichiometric amounts by enzymes. The molecule nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) acts as a cosubstrate in the oxidation-reduction reaction that is catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase, one of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle.
How is coenzyme A synthesized through alternate routes?
CoA is a competitive inhibitor for Pantothenate Kinase, which normally binds ATP. Coenzyme A, three ADP, one monophosphate, and one diphosphate are harvested from biosynthesis. New research shows that coenzyme A can be synthesized through alternate routes when intracellular coenzyme A level are reduced and the de novo pathway is impaired.
What is an enzyme–prosthetic group complex?
Prosthetic groups are tightly bound to enzymes and participate in the catalytic cycles of enzymes. Like any catalyst , an enzyme–prosthetic group complex undergoes changes during the reaction, but before it can catalyze another reaction, it must return to its original state.